I haven’t played with Arduino for some time and don’t have access to one now, but I will try to help.
The instructions on the example page you linked to don’t do a good job of explaining what should be happening. Firmata is a protocol for controlling a remote device, in this case your Arduino. This means you need to have the Firmata firmware installed on the Arduino, the Arduino connected to your computer, and the Go program that tells the Arduino what to do running on your computer.
I think you may have gotten the firmware installed (I can’t really tell because the name of the input file in inconclusive). Assuming the correct firmware was loaded, you are most of the way there because you have successfully connected the Arduino and figured out what port it is connected over.
Next, you should change the line firmataAdaptor := firmata.NewAdaptor("/dev/ttyACM0") in the Go code, replacing /dev/ttyACM0 with whatever you used with gort.
Compiling and running the Go code should start the LED blinking. You might need to reboot the Arduino after installing the firmware, but I don’t remember if that is needed or if avrdude starts the firmware after loading it.
If this doesn’t help, tell us more about what you did.
BTW, its also OK to load the Firmata firmware from the Arduino IDE.